Anti-Semitism preceding Kristallnacht in Europe include the Pogroms. After the Tsar was murdered in 1881 the Jews were blamed for this and forced out. Historian, Lindemann goes into detail about the mass forced emigration of three million Jews which led to a minority emigrating into western Europe. In Russia there was resentment toward the Jews, this had been felt from the Napoleonic era when Jews were seen to exploit the new found freedom which they were given. In 1882 after the Tsar’s death Jews were restricted in their movement and only 10% were allowed to attend higher education therefore the Jewish side of any argument during this period was constantly snuffed along with propaganda which was spread vehemently against them. As with any religion they all often have unsavory practices and judging Russia's track record in that time period that was nothing by comparison to the horrific actions of communist dictators and the massacre of the Tsarist supporters.